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, nought, naught, nil | ordinal = zeroth, noughth | divisor = all other numbers | lang1 = Arabic | lang1 symbol = | lang2 = Urdu | lang2 symbol = (صفر) | lang3 = Bengali | lang3 symbol = (shunyo) | lang4 = Devanāgarī | lang4 symbol = (shunya) | lang5 = Chinese | lang5 symbol = 零, 〇 | lang6 = Japanese | lang6 symbol = 零, 〇 | lang7 = Khmer | lang7 symbol = ០ | lang8 = Thai | lang8 symbol = ๐ }} 0 (zero; BrE: or AmE: ) is both a number〔, (Chapter 14, page 125 )〕 and the numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. It fulfills a central role in mathematics as the additive identity of the integers, real numbers, and many other algebraic structures. As a digit, 0 is used as a placeholder in place value systems. Names for the number 0 in English include zero, nought or (US) naught (), nil, or — in contexts where at least one adjacent digit distinguishes it from the letter "O" — oh or o (). Informal or slang terms for zero include zilch and zip. ''Ought'' and ''aught'' (), as well as ''cipher'', have also been used historically.〔(''aught'' at etymonline.com )〕 == Etymology == The word ''zero'' came into the English language via French ''zéro'' from Italian ''zero'', Italian contraction of Venetian ''zevero'' form of 'Italian ''zefiro'' via ''ṣafira'' or ''ṣifr''.〔See: * Douglas Harper (2011), (Zero ), Etymology Dictionary, Quote="figure which stands for naught in the Arabic notation," also "the absence of all quantity considered as quantity," c.1600, from French zéro or directly from Italian zero, from Medieval Latin zephirum, from Arabic sifr "cipher," translation of Sanskrit sunya-m "empty place, desert, naught"; *; *〕 In pre-Islamic time the word ''ṣifr'' (Arabic صفر) had the meaning 'empty'.〔 ''Sifr'' evolved to mean zero when it was used to translate ''śūnya'' (Sanskrit: शून्य) from India.〔See: * Smithsonian Institution, , Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution; Harvard University Archives, Quote="Sifr occurs in the meaning of “empty” even in the pre-Islamic time. (...) Arabic sifr in the meaning of zero is a translation of the corresponding India sunya.”; *Jan Gullberg (1997), Mathematics: From the Birth of Numbers, W.W. Norton & Co., ISBN 978-0393040029, page 26, Quote = ‘‘Zero derives from Hindu sunya - meaning void, emptiness - via Arabic sifr, Latin cephirum, Italian zevero.’’; *Robert Logan (2010), The Poetry of Physics and the Physics of Poetry, World Scientific, ISBN 978-9814295925, page 38, Quote = “The idea of sunya and place numbers was transmitted to the Arabs who translated sunya or “leave a space” into their language as sifr.”〕 The first known English use of ''zero'' was in 1598.〔(Zero ), Merriam Webster online Dictionary〕 The Italian mathematician Fibonacci (c.1170–1250), who grew up in North Africa and is credited with introducing the decimal system to Europe, used the term ''zephyrum''. This became ''zefiro'' in Italian, and was then contracted to ''zero'' in Venetian. The Italian word ''zefiro'' was already in existence (meaning "west wind" from Latin and Greek ''zephyrus'') and may have influenced the spelling when transcribing Arabic ''ṣifr''. ;Modern usage There are different words used for the number or concept of zero depending on the context. For the simple notion of lacking, the words ''nothing'' and ''none'' are often used. Sometimes the words ''nought'', ''naught'' and ''aught''〔('Aught' definition ), Dictionary.com – Retrieved April 2013.〕 are used. Several sports have specific words for zero, such as ''nil'' in football, ''love'' in tennis and ''a duck'' in cricket. It is often called ''oh'' in the context of telephone numbers. Slang words for zero include ''zip'', ''zilch'', ''nada'', and ''scratch.'' ''Duck egg'' or ''goose egg ''are also slang for zero.〔('Aught' synonyms ), Thesaurus.com – Retrieved April 2013.〕 == History == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「0 (number)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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